What allows you to read the articles in this magazine? Obviously, at a more complex level, you have to understand the English language. But before you even begin to decipher what is written, you must see it. In fact, an amazingly complex series of actions takes place between your eyes and your brain for you to see what is written on this page.
Your eyes are responsible for 80 percent of the information your brain receives. This makes it by far the most vital of your sensory inputs. Just imagine trying to live without your vision!
From how the inner eye functions, to how light becomes a picture in your mind, science has studied the human eye in such detail it is astounding.
But while the function of the eye is crystal clear, its origin seems clouded in mystery. As mentioned in previous articles, what is really only the theory of evolution is assumed to be fact. Children are taught it in school and most scientists subscribe to its tenets. Surely, evolution at least attempts to open the window into the origin of the eye. If so, there must be creatures from whom our eyes have evolved.
The story of this fascinating organ is both inspiring and, pardon the pun, eye-opening!
How Does It Work?
Before looking at the eye in the light of evolution, we must first understand how the eye functions and what systems are in place to allow photons to become an image. But you may wonder: what is a photon?
The whole universe is made up of tiny, microscopic (or even smaller) particles. The combination of these particles is what constitutes matter—the universe in which we live. One of these basic “particles” is a photon. Photons originate in the sun and are what we perceive as light. Without photons, there is no light!
The way different objects reflect photons determines how colors, textures and surfaces are perceived. Everything we see is based on how substances absorb and reflect photons.
An easy example of this process is to look at two extremes: (1) a mirror and (2) a black surface. If you shine a light into a mirror you will reflect the light back at you. On the other hand, if you shine a light at a black surface, very little will reflect back at you. How the surface reacts with light determines if you see color. While this is a very simplified explanation of how photons react to produce differences in what we see, it serves our purpose to explain how the eye plays a part in this procedure.
So when light reflects off an object, it changes the makeup of that light, which then enters your eye. Imagine photons as the tiny ammunition in pellet guns; this will help you visualize their path through your eye and into your brain.
Complex Details
The graphic “Inside the Eye” provides a microscopic view of the eye. We have not yet addressed how the brain interacts with the eye, or any of the corrective measures the eye undertakes when it detects a problem. But before going into that, the following is the detailed representation of what really happens when a “pellet” comes in contact with the surface of the retina.
This may seem highly detailed, but such amazing detail is one of the reasons the eye is a working miracle.
“When light first strikes the retina, a photon interacts with a molecule called 11-cis-retinal, which rearranges within picoseconds to trans-retinal. The change in the shape of [11-cis-] retinal forces a change in the shape of the protein, rhodopsin, to which the retinal is tightly bound. The protein’s metamorphosis alters its behavior, making it stick to another protein called transducin. Before bumping into activated rhodopsin, transducin had tightly bound a small molecule called GDP. But when transducin interacts with activated rhodopsin, the GDP falls off and a molecule called GTP binds to transducin. (GTP is closely related to, but critically different from, GDP.)
“GTP-transducin-activated rhodopsin now binds to a protein called phosphodiesterase, located in the inner membrane of the cell. When attached to activated rhodopsin and its entourage, the phosphodiesterase acquires the ability to chemically cut a molecule called cGMP (a chemical relative of both GDP and GTP). Initially there are a lot of cGMP molecules in the cell, but the phosphodiesterase lowers its concentration, like a pulled plug lowers the water level in a bathtub.
“Another membrane protein that binds cGMP is called an ion channel. It acts as a gateway that regulates the number of sodium ions in the cell. Normally the ion channel allows sodium ions to flow into the cell, while a separate protein actively pumps them out again. The dual action of the ion channel and pump keeps the level of sodium ions in the cell within a narrow range. When the amount of cGMP is reduced because of cleavage by the phosphodiesterase, the ion channel closes, causing the cellular concentration of positively charged sodium ions to be reduced. This causes an imbalance of charge across the cell membrane which, finally, causes a current to be transmitted down the optic nerve to the brain. The result, when interpreted by the brain, is vision” (“Evidence for Intelligent Design from Biochemistry”).
It is not necessary to fully understand what takes place to cause those electrical impulses to fire into your brain, but it is necessary to identify the extreme complexity required for the process to take place. Are you beginning to understand why the concept of evolution becomes impossible when applied to your eyes?
Hardware Requires Software
The makeup of an eye—lens, iris, retina, etc.—are the nuts and bolts that send the electrical pulse into your brain. But how does a brain know what to do with those signals when they are received?
Imagine a computer, with all its parts and pieces, many of which are too complicated for most people to understand. No matter how intricate and complicated the equipment is—without software, it can do nothing. Your computer will not even turn on without some form of software telling the hardware what to do.
It is the same with the eye. All the movements that take place in the eye are controlled by your brain. The brain moves your eye to center on something, adjusts the lens to focus, and opens or closes the iris to allow the right amount of focused light on the retina.
Now that you understand the basics of how an eye operates, try this simple experiment to witness how much interaction actually takes place between the brain and eye. While you are reading these words, look at something far away. While you do this, visualize that you had to move the muscles in your eye, change the iris and adjust your lens to get the object farther away in focus.
This leads to the final part in understanding how your eyes work. How does the brain “know” how to transform the more than 100 million impulses into what we see? If your brain did not know how to put together the photon “pellets” and then balance what each eye sees, there would be no comprehensible picture defined as vision.
Another amazing process takes place in regard to this. In any single lens system (such as our eyes), the image received is inverted. So, not only does your brain put together those millions of photons, it also knows to invert the image!
Like computer software, the brain has to be programmed with all the information needed to interpret this data. It has to know what colors are represented by what type of light, and how the whole picture fits together. If you really think about it, what you see with your eyes is nothing more than a picture that your mind has created. Put another way, it is the vivid version of what you can visualize with your eyes closed.
The human brain truly is the most amazing organ ever created.
Again, while it sounds impossible for the eye to have evolved, what are the odds of both the software and hardware appearing at the same time?
Simply Impossible!
Even in this short article, you have begun to see the amazing design of the human eye. Think for a moment on the complexity required to form the first eye. Or what caused a cell to become sensitive to light. Or why trilobites and their eyes disappeared. (See the inset “Trilobite’s Eye: Evolution Reversed?”)
Such questions are never addressed!
And even more amazing, there has never been any attempt to explain the process by which an eye could have possibly evolved from a simpler form.
But is it really that amazing? When you cannot explain the process by evolution, there is only one other option—it was designed! And that is an option that most scientists refuse to entertain.
King David stated, “I am fearfully and wonderfully made” (Psa. 139:14). The human eye is a perfect example of something wonderfully made.
In light of the complexity displayed in the human eye—just one organ of one living creature, you can see why God states, “The fool has said in his heart, There is no God” (Psa. 14:1).
God understands that physical people need physical proof. We need to see evidence of the Creator: “For the invisible things of Him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even His eternal power and Godhead; so that they arewithout excuse” (Rom. 1:20).
This is just another proof pointing to the real origin behind the eye—and the whole universe—the God of the Bible! The proofs have always been there, if people would only clearly look!
